Early last year, cryptocurrency exchange FTX U.S. was setting its sights on a vast pool of money: individual retirement accounts, or IRAs.
"We have IRAs trading on FTX today, and are making a push to serve this segment," Nate Clancy, FTX U.S.'s vice president of business development, wrote in a March email to a New Jersey-based investment advisor, a copy of which was seen by Bloomberg News. Americans held more than $11 trillion in IRAs as of last year.
The outreach, part of a multifaceted effort by the wider FTX Group to expand its base of everyday retail customers, casts light on the exchange's sprawling ambitions in the months leading up to its implosion — and gives a glimpse into how the damage might have been even worse if the plans had longer to gestate.
Former FTX chief Sam Bankman-Fried's crypto empire collapsed in November. U.S. authorities say he fraudulently used customer money to prop up his trading firm Alameda Research, leaving legions of clients high and dry when FTX went bankrupt. The charges center on the group's global trading platform FTX.com, but FTX U.S., its smaller unit for U.S. investors, was part of the bankruptcy.
Every young company prioritizes growth, and prosecutors haven't publicly assigned any sinister motives to the retail push, which seemed like a logical enough way for FTX to capture market share. But the allegations against Bankman-Fried underscore the perils of luring unsophisticated savers into a loosely regulated industry by pushing highly volatile, opaque instruments, with often scant customer protections when things go wrong.
"It's quite clear that FTX relied on continuous flows of new capital entering the platform, much like many other financial schemes, and marketing to retail was the most expedient way to attract those flows," said Cory Klippsten, chief executive officer of crypto startup Swan Bitcoin. "It's better that it blew up before it got bigger."
Representatives for FTX didn't respond to requests for comment. Mark Botnick, a representative for Bankman-Fried, declined to comment. The former executive, who was released on a $250 million bail package in December, on Tuesday pleaded
FTX, which amassed a loyal base of more experienced crypto investors, made no secret of its desire to vie with Binance and Coinbase Global for retail customers, spending millions of dollars on Super Bowl ads, sponsorships and partnerships with celebrities like former supermodel Gisele Bundchen.
The company hasn't disclosed a public of how many retail clients it had or its growth targets for the segment. In March, the company said institutional investors such as hedge funds accounted for about two-thirds of trading on both the global and U.S. platforms. The bankruptcy filings for over 130 entities in the FTX Group listed more than a million creditors.
In an annual report for 2021, which Bankman-Fried tweeted in January last year, the company said attracting individual investors was a key part of its growth strategy. The effort hinged on offering an easy-to-use app tailored to inexperienced traders.
"Our goal is to create a retail-friendly app that allows for anyone to get involved, whether that's through education, making their first crypto purchase, or exploring the burgeoning NFT ecosystem," the report said, using the acronym for non-fungible tokens.
FTX's head of product, Ramnik Arora, played a key role in the push, according to people familiar with the matter, spearheading efforts to court retail-focused startups like Dave, Stocktwits and Public.com.
Arora spent five years at Facebook, where he worked on the social media giant's defunct Libra digital currency project. He first met Bankman-Fried on an impromptu Zoom call, just a few minutes after connecting with him over LinkedIn, Arora said in a
That outreach was part of an initiative to accelerate FTX's expansion through tie-ups with third-party apps. Fintech companies from PayPal to Revolut use similar agreements with other companies to allow users to buy and sell crypto on their apps, with the transactions executed on a digital asset exchange. PayPal, for example, uses a company called Paxos.
Deals with Dave, GameStop
When Dave, a mobile banking app founded in 2015 and based in Los Angeles, looked for a partner for expanding into crypto, more than 10 companies submitted proposals, according to a person with knowledge of the matter. But FTX — through its FTX Ventures investment arm — stood out by offering to invest $100 million in the startup through a convertible note.
FTX U.S. and Dave
FTX U.S. continued to pursue partnerships, culminating with a deal with GameStop
On the day the FTX Group filed for protection from creditors, GameStop
California survey
Regulators are looking into FTX's relationships with investment advisors. California's financial regulator, which is conducting its own FTX
The Department of Financial Protection & Innovation asked advisers whether anyone at their firms sold investments linked to FTX, and whether their clients had exposure to FTX or related entities, according to a copy of the regulator's questionnaire seen by Bloomberg News.
The DFPI survey will be open until early 2023 and its results are confidential, said Elizabeth Smith, a spokesperson for the agency.
While no public data is available, FTX U.S. appears to have made some headway in attracting attention from retirement savers in the months before its bankruptcy.
Posting on an online forum in mid-July, George Blower, the general counsel for My Solo 401(k) Financial, responded to an inquiry related to moving retirement savings onto the FTX U.S. platform.
"We certainly have helped a significant number of clients open accounts for both solo 401(k) plans as well as IRA LLC accounts at FTX.US," he wrote in the post, which was deleted after Bloomberg News asked about it. He also tagged Clancy, the FTX U.S. employee, in his message. Blower confirmed the exchange, which appeared on a web forum affiliated with his firm.
Blower said My Solo 401(k) Financial doesn't provide investment advice or oversee any client assets, and the firm never had a business relationship with FTX U.S. In response to customer questions about how to transfer retirement funds to the exchange, "we provided clients with educational feedback on the mechanical steps," Blower said in an emailed statement.
Supercharged leverage
Bankman-Fried's ambitions went beyond just wooing small savers for FTX. He struck deals with distressed firms like Voyager Digital and BlockFi, which would have increased his empire's footprint in the retail crypto space had it not toppled first.
FTX also held discussions about buying stock trading app Webull as recently as this summer, according to a person familiar with the matter. The talks advanced as far as price negotiations, the person said, though the companies never reached an agreement. Earlier in the year, Bankman-Fried had purchased a 7.6% stake in Robinhood Markets. The stake was being seized by the U.S. government,
FTX designed a marketplace where risk-tolerant speculators could win — or lose — big. The global platform, FTX.com, offered ways for traders to make highly levered bets, including a period where they could juice up their buying power to $101 for every dollar in their accounts. It also offered tokens with built-in leverage, like one called ETHBULL which used futures to amplify potential returns on bullish bets on the cryptocurrency Ether.
Easy leverage can be a potent incentive for day traders looking for a big payday without putting in much capital, but it also exposes them to massive risks.
Another way to reach individual investors was through sports marketing, an avenue crypto companies pumped
It also linked up with some of the most recognizable stars, including basketball player Steph Curry and quarterback Tom Brady. The two athletes haven't publicly commented on their relationship with FTX after its implosion.
Celebrity endorsers featured on the FTX Cryptocurrency Derivatives Exchange website, on Nov. 16. Samuel Taylor, a 24-year-old accountant living in Arizona and an avid sports fan, said he came across FTX "literally everywhere," and was attracted by its celebrity endorsements. He became an FTX U.S. client in July.
Taylor and his wife had around $12,500 — the bulk of their savings — on FTX U.S. when the company went bankrupt along with the rest of Sam Bankman-Fried's empire. While he managed to withdraw about $1,000 worth of Bitcoin as FTX teetered, he's not gotten back the cash he'd parked on the exchange.
Taylor said he thought cash deposits were insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The FDIC issued a cease-and-desist order against FTX U.S. in August, accusing it of falsely claiming or insinuating that deposits were protected by the agency.
"First I was devastated," Taylor said. "Second I was just so surprised."
